fracture

A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone, which can be caused by various factors such as trauma, osteoporosis, or pathological conditions.

Types of fractures:

1. Closed fracture: skin remains intact

2. Open fracture: skin is broken, bone exposed

3. Comminuted fracture: bone breaks into multiple pieces

4. Non-displaced fracture: bone remains aligned

5. Displaced fracture: bone is out of place

6. Stress fracture: small crack in bone due to repetitive stress

7. Pathological fracture: weakened bone due to disease or condition

Causes:

1. Trauma (accidents, falls, sports)

2. Osteoporosis

3. Cancer or tumors

4. Infections (osteomyelitis)

5. Congenital conditions

Symptoms:

1. Pain

2. Swelling

3. Bruising

4. Deformity

5. Limited mobility

Treatment:

1. Immobilization (cast, splint, sling)

2. Pain management

3. Reduction (aligning bone fragments)

4. Surgery (internal fixation, plates, screws)

5. Rehabilitation (physical therapy)

Complications:

1. Infection

2. Malunion (improper healing)

3. Nonunion (failure to heal)

4. Arthritis

5. Osteonecrosis (bone death)